Source: http://www.pos.com.my

In 1736 a degree in law from the university in Copenhagen was also made compulsory for all applicants for judicial office in Norway. In 1811, thanks to a successful campaign on the part of Count Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg, Norway was finally promised its own university.

King Fredrik VI withdrew his opposition. In 1813 Det Kongelige Fredriks Universitet opened its doors in Christiania, at that time a small provincial town in a country without a capital. Only a year later, Norway declared its independence and passed its own Constitution, but by the end of 1814, Norway had already lost some of that independence. The country was forced into a union with Sweden, but retained its own Constitution, Government and University.

The University played a key role in helping to secure political and cultural independence for Norway within the Union. It became the centre for national development. In addition to surveying and developing Norwegian culture, language and history, the University was involved in developing the infrastructure required by a modern society. The education, health and welfare, and administration authorities also found their expertise there. In 1939, the University changed its name to Universitetet i Oslo and was the only university in Norway until 1946.

Title: University of Oslo bicentenary
Date of Issue: 2 September 2011
Country: Norway
Denominations: Kr 9.00

Source: http://www.posten.no

Source: www.indiapost.gov.in

The town of Albarracín is located in the province of Teruel by the river Guadalaviar at an altitude of 1,171 meters. It belongs to the diocese of Teruel – Albarracín and was declared National Monument in June 1961.

Although the Cathedral of Albarracín is built on the ruins of an ancient Roman temple, construction of the Renaissance building as we know it today was started around 1530 by Bishop Gaspar Jofre de Borja and was completed around 1595 under Bishop Martin Terrer Valenzuela who commissioned the construction of the bell tower.

In the building of the cathedral were involved masters such as Quinto Pierres Vedel, who was responsible for the construction of the roof and several chapels, and Martín de Castañeda who participated in the building of the choir and the apse of the temple. The cathedral has a single nave and the head is formed by a polygonal apse. It has a cloister connected to the Episcopal Palace and both the Cathedral as the cloister underwent a major restoration in the 18th century which gave it its current baroque appearance. The building has two entrance doors and in the inside stand out the main altar and the altarpiece devoted to the Saviour (El Salvador) after which the Cathedral is named.

Title: Cathedral of Salvador de Albarracin
Date of Issue: 15 July 2011
Country: Spain
Denominations: 2,84 €

Source: www.correos.es

“Lighthouse Arngast”
53 ° 28.881 ‘N | 08 ° 10.895′ E
In about 4.5 km away from South Beach is located in Wilhelmshaven Jadebusen Arngast the lighthouse. Since its commissioning in 1910, this maritime signpost is in continuous operation. The name dates back to the 17th Century by heavy floods destroyed the village Arngast back. Lighthouse keepers are on the tower have long ceased to operate: In the late 1960s displaced technical innovations, the three guards who had succeeded in 14-day shifts on Arngast.
The 36-meter-high lighthouse is part of the traffic safety system at the Jade. The white light of the fire has a range of 21.0 nautical miles (approximately 40 km). The Waterways and Shipping Administration Federal operates the tower, which was incorporated in 2003 in the list of cultural monuments / monuments.

“Lighthouse Dahmeshöved”
54 ° 12.107 ‘N | 11 ° 05.414′ E
Dahmeshöved the lighthouse was built in the years 1878 and 1879 increased on a spit of land (“Hövede”) at the Bay of Lübeck in Schleswig-Holstein and 1 Put into operation in February 1880. The octagonal lighthouse is built of red brick and has a round iron lantern. The building has a height of approx. 29 m. Due to its location, a few meters above sea level, is the mounting height with rd. 34 m above sea level is slightly larger than the building height. The white light has a range of 23 nautical miles (approx. 43 km). The lighthouse is a listed building and Dahmeshöved since 1 January 2003 for the public. It is operated by the Water and Shipping Administration, the federal government. The municipality has set up in the tower Dahme a branch of their professional duties.

Title: Lighthouses Germany
Date of Issue: 7 July 2011
Country: Germany
Denominations: 0,55 Euro, 0,90 Euro

Source: www.philatelie.deutschepost.de

Bilje – the Palace of Prince Eugen of Savoy The palace in Bilje (Hungarian Béllye), about ten kilometres north from Osijek was built in the first half of the 18th century by Prince Franz Eugen of Savoy and Piemont (1663 – 1736). History remembers him as one of the most famous Austrian army generals whose victories marked the final end of Turkish conquests in Europe (by the Treaty in Srijemski Karlovci in 1699 the Turks were forced south of the River Sava into today’s Bosnia and Herzegovina). Bilje (Billie) is mentioned in old documents for the first time in 1212. By 1918 Bilje was in the County of Baranja, within the Pecz diocese. The Palace of the Prince Eugen of Savoy is the best known palace of the Baranja valley, recognisable for its endless wheat fields, lowland woods and gentle wine-reach slopes.

Valpovo – the Hilleprand-Prandau Normann-Ehrenfels Castle The castle in Valpovo, built into a medieval fortress is a recognisable medieval architectural baroque complex which gives to the town of Valpovo its specific and recognisable identity. Valpovo castle with the fortress and a vast garden is one of the most important cultural treasures of the profane architecture in north Croatia. Medieval feudal property in Valpovo exists from the 14th century. Medieval fortress of Valpovo– the fortified town (Castrum Walpo) was first mentioned in 1438. At the end of the 17th century it was already considerably damaged. In the ground plan it had a shape of an irregular elongated triangle with the high tower on its north point.

Title: Castles of Croatia
Date of Issue: 16 June 2011
Country: Croatia
Denominations: 3,1 kn, 3,1 kn, 4,6 kn, 4,6 kn

Source: www.posta.hr

Beginning between 1908 and 1912, Art Deco gained mainstream exposure at the exposition from which it took its name: the Exposition des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Moderne in Paris, France in 1925, and the period continued well into the Great Depression. In fact, several prominent Canadian Art Deco buildings were constructed as a result of federal employment initiatives.

In this five-stamp issue celebrating the details of the Art Deco period, these five Canadian structures are showcased:

The Burrard Bridge is a six-lane, Art Deco style, steel truss bridge, built between 1930 and 1932, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Designed by architect George Lister Thornton Sharp, the bridge’s central truss is hidden by vertical extensions of the bridge’s piers that create imposing concrete towers, topped by overhead galleries embellished with architectural and sculptural details. Pierced railings create a visual shutter so that at a speed of 50 km an hour, motorists see through them with an uninterrupted view of the harbour.

Named after the long-time commissioner of Toronto’s public works, The R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant in Toronto, Ontario, was designed by Thomas C. Pomphrey, of the engineering firm Gore, Nasmith and Storrie, and was largely built between 1932 and 1937. It opened in 1941. Unlike most modern engineering structures, the building was also created to make an architectural statement. It remains one of Toronto’s most admired buildings earning it the nickname “The Palace of Purification” and a National Historic Civil Engineering designation in 1992.

Built by architect Ernest Cormier as his own residence in 1930-31, Cormier House, in Montreal, was proclaimed as a historical monument in 1974. Cormier also created most of the furniture to marry with other pieces he acquired at the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris.

Also designed by Ernest Cormier, the Supreme Court of Canada building in Ottawa was built in 1939. The building is characterized by extensive decorative elements, which range from the two candelabrum-style fluted metal lamp standards that flank the entrance, to the marble walls and floors of the grand interior lobby.

Built in 1936, as part of a Depression-era program to create employment and consolidate federal government services, Regina’s modest Dominion Building, with its four-storey central tower, was erected on a site that was once home to the courtroom in which the 1885 trial and sentencing of Louis Riel took place.

Title: Architecture: Art Deco
Date of Issue: 9 June 2011
Country: Canada
Denominations: 5 x PERMANENT

Source: www.canadapost.ca

Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural heritage and our natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. What makes the concept of World Heritage exceptional is its universal application. World Heritage sites belong to all the peoples of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972. The United Nations Postal Administration has chosen five Nordic countries and the Struve geodetic arc for this year’s stamp issue.

Title: World Heritage – Nordic Countries
Date of Issue: 5 May 2011
Country: United Nations
Denominations: US$ 0.44, US$ 0.98,CHF 0.85, CHF 1.00, € 0.62 and € 0.70

Source: http://unstamps.un.org/

The length of the arc is 2,820 km. When the arc was created and more than a century later it was the longest measured meridian arc. It passes through the territory of today’s Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.

The original arc consisted of 258 main triangles and 265 main station points. Thirty-four of the original station points today survive, and three of them are situated in Estonia, one in the Tartu Observatory and two in Simuna in the West-Viru County. Since 2005 the Struve Geodetic Arc is a UNESCO world heritage site.

Title: The Struve Geodetic Arc
Date of Issue: 6 May 2011
Country: Estonia
Denominations: 1.16

Source: www.post.ee

At the bottom right the first stamp shows the San Francesco Gate, known also as the Porta del Loco, the ancient access gateway to the City of San Marino. To the left are the Church of San Francesco and the Government Building. At the top left is the First Tower, also called Guaita or Rocca, the oldest of the three towers of Mount Titano. It is encircled by two defensive walls, the innermost one enclosing the Campanaria Tower, the Casermetta, which was historically home to the guards, and the Penna Tower.

At the top in the centre is the Basilica del Santo, also called the Pieve. Built in a neoclassical style, to a project by the Bolognese architect, Antonio Serra, and dedicated to the “Divo Marino” the founder and patron of the Republic, this is the main church of the City of San Marino. It was built on the site where the Pieve (parish church) of San Marino once stood, whose massive Romanesque bell tower still rises at its side. Finally, at the top right, the sixth stamp shows an image of the Church of the Capuchin, also known as the Church of Saint Quirinus of the Capuchin Monastery.

The souvenir sheet is completed by the coat of arms of the Republic, Saint Marino holding his city in his hand (taken from the painting by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri better known as Guercino) with the legend, “Relinquo Vos liberos ab utroque homine”, which may be freely translated as, “I leave you free from both powers: the temporal and the religious” i.e. the Emperor and the Pope.

Title: Tourist Stamps – San Marino
Date of Issue: 5 April 2011
Country: San Marino
Denominations: € 0.65 x 6

Source: www.aasfn.sm